Effect of Gunpowder on the Mongolian Invasion of the Europe before 1850

Introduction Gunpowder is probably one of the most renowned inventions that originated from China. It was invented early in the third century or during the late days of the Han Dynasty (Buchanan, 2006, p.123). During this period, no one knew that gunpowder could be of great importance in the battlefield.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Effect of Gunpowder on the Mongolian Invasion of the Europe before 1850 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, the various dynasties that regularly went into war did not use gunpowder as one of their weapons. The Mongols invasion that led to the ouster of the Sung dynasty saw the use of gunpowder in war fields for the first time. The Chinese used gunpowder-propelled weapons against the Mongols, but they could not overcome the Mongols since they had a strong army. The Mongols borrowed the art of using gunpowder to make their weapons from the Chinese and later applied it in fig hting the Chinese (Rossabi, 2012, pp.79-87). One of the factors that led to the success of gunpowder usage among the Mongols touches on the fear that weapons made of gunpowder instilled on the enemies. Gunpowder facilitated in the development of more devastating weapons like flaming arrows, gunpowder canisters, and cannons. All these weapons caused immense damage thus instilling fear in the victims, which forced a majority of the victims to surrender to their adversaries. The Mongols used this advantage to surmount all their enemies in Europe and other areas. This paper will focus on a brief history of gunpowder and the Mongolian invasion before exploring the effects of gunpowder on the Mongolian invasion of the Europe before 1850. History of Gunpowder The invention of gunpowder marked the beginning of gun production. The development of gunpowder runs back to the Chinese alchemy. In addition, it is widely classified as one of the four great innovations made by the Chinese (Cocroft, 2000, p.246). Gunpowder emerged as early as the 9th Century during the Tang Dynasty. Nevertheless, many people did not know about the substance until the 13th century during the Mongolian invasion. It was manufactured from carbon, potassium nitrate, and sulfur. During the 14th century, people began to use gunpowder in production of weapons. Nonetheless, they could hardly manufacture superior weapons using gunpowder until the 15th century when firearms surfaced (Gray, et al., 1982, pp. 3385-3400). Initially, gunpowder was used in the engineering and mining industries. Before the discovery of gunpowder, engineers laid down their railways in line with contours of the terrain. It was hard for engineers to cut across a hill since they were not capable of blasting rocks.Advertising Looking for term paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, the discovery of gunpowder made it possible for railway constructors to bu ild tunnels on high grounds, thus reducing the distance that railway line could cover. For instance, in constructing the Great Western Railway that runs between Bristol and London, engineers used a lot of gunpowder to develop the box tunnel. After the discovery of gunpowder in China, it did not take long before the substance reached other countries. The Mongolian invasion in Europe opened a way for gunpowder to reach Europe (DeVries, 1998, pp. 127-145). Moreover, after the Mongolian attack, William of Rubruck, who worked as an ambassador for the Mongols, contributed to the introduction of gunpowder in Europe. He was a great friend of Roger Bacon and in the process of their interaction; he shared with him the idea on how to manufacture gunpowder leading to its development in Europe. With time, the Europeans started manufacturing gunpowder and even developing guns. The Mongolian Invasion The Mongols invaded Hungary with the assistance of three armies. One of the armies attacked from P oland. The second army attacked through Transylvania, while the third army attacked via Verecke Pass ensuring that it cleared everything it came cross during the invasion (Duiker Spielvogel, 2008, pp.167-185). In 1223, the Mongolian army invaded the Cumans who decided to flee to Hungary on sensing defeat. Their move to Hungary convinced the Mongols that the King of Hungary was threatening to control their subjects, and thus to stop this threat, the Mongols had to wage war against Hungary. They attacked Hungary at a time when it was experiencing political unrest (Chambers, 2002, p.183). The King’s support of the Cumans led to some of the noble people in Hungary rebelling against the king. The arriving Cumans entered into a conflict with the Hungarians leading to riots in the country. The riot led to the murder of the Cuman’s leader, thus forcing the Cumans to move south. No one believed that the Mongols’ attack posed a threat to Hungary. On March 15, the Mongols front line walked into Pest and started looting and destroying the place. Nevertheless, King Bà ©la did not take the attack seriously and warned his soldiers against retaliation. Duke Frederick went ahead and invaded a minor army comprising of the Mongols.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Effect of Gunpowder on the Mongolian Invasion of the Europe before 1850 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His victory made the Hungarians to view their king as coward. After the victory, the archbishop of Kalocsa decided to face the Mongols in a battlefield, but was defeated and killed (May, 2011, p.69). In the end, the King decided to fight the Mongols, which led to their retreat. The retreat confirmed the Hungarian opinion that the Mongols were not a major threat to their kingdom. After a series of confrontation with the Mongols, the Hungarian soldiers together with their king reached river Sajo, where they decided to ta ke a rest. They were not aware of the trap laid against them by the Mongols. The wooded terrain made it hard for the Hungarian soldiers to notice that there were more Mongolian soldiers awaiting them ahead. They planed to attack the Hungarians as they crossed the river. However, one of their captives escaped and informed the Hungarians about their motive thus sabotaging the plan. Finally, the Mongols decided to cross the river and attack the Hungarians and this is where the Hungarian soldiers managed to catch up with them as they crossed the river thus defeating them (May, 2011, p.73). The victory at the bridge misled the Hungarians into celebrate long before the battle was over. The Mongols regrouped and came up with new attacking methods. The frustration from the Hungarian King made it hard for the Hungarian soldiers to organize themselves thus giving the Mongols a chance to cross the river and stage a major attack. The Hungarians had the numbers and were in a position to overcome the Mongols. Nevertheless, the weapons that the Mongols used in their attack were a shocker to the Hungarians. The Mongols used gunpowder to come up flaming arrows. The shocked Hungarians soldiers could not defend themselves leading to most of them dying in the hands of the Mongolian soldiers. Most of the Hungarian civilians fled to mountains and other areas where the Mongols could not reach them. The remaining Hungarian soldiers kept engaging the Mongols in guerrilla attacks, but were unable to surmount them. As the Mongols were preparing to expand their territory in Europe, they received a message of the demise of the Great Khan Ogedei forcing them to retreat to their land, which brought heralded the end of the Mongolian invasion in Europe (Saunders, 1971, p. 215).Advertising Looking for term paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of Gunpowder on Mongolian Invasion One of factors that led to the Mongolians waging war against Europe is that some of the European countries like Hungary agreed to host the Cumans and Kipchaks as they fled from the Mongolian attacks in Russia. The two groups were nomadic like the Mongols (May, 2011, p.81). Consequently, the Mongolian ruler believed that they were his subjects and were supposed to submit to his leadership only. Therefore, to ensure that he regained his subjects and perhaps teach Hungary a lesson, Subedei hatched a plan to attack Hungary. He came up with two groups of soldiers where one group was to attack Poland while the other one proceeded to Hungary. In March 1241, the Mongolian troops proceeded to Hungary, but later withdrew from attacking the Hungarians. This move duped the Hungarians into thinking that the Mongolians were afraid of them. Therefore, they dismissed the assistance of the Kipchaks and Cumans who were experienced in war. Meanwhile, the othe r group proceeded to Poland where it attacked the country causing immense damage. During this invasion, gunpowder played a significant role. It reinforced the fighting capacity of the Mongolian soldiers. The Poland’s army comprised of armored knights. Nevertheless, they could hardly withstand the wrath of the Mongolian soldiers who had guns and other weapons propelled using gunpowder. Gunpowder made it possible for the Mongolians to attack and destroy the Poland soldiers from a distance. It was possible for the Mongolians to send gunpowder-propelled shells to the Poland soldiers, which left most of them dead and others maimed. Another effect of gunpowder in the Mongolian invasion of Europe is that it facilitated in destroying and annihilating all the major cities in the region (Khan, 1981, pp. 146-164). The ancient troops used the scotched earth technique as one of the ways to surmount their enemies. The soldiers ensured that they burnt down everything they came across as the y pursued their enemies. The technique aimed at ensuring that their enemies did not get any material support or access hiding places. By burning everything, the victims had no alternative but to surrender to their rivals or move away from their land leaving it in the hands of their enemies. The Mongols used gunpowder to burn down all the European cities they came across leaving their inhabitants with nowhere to hide. It would have been hard to burn down the cities without something explosive, and thus gunpowder acted as the best alternative for this intention thus helping the Mongols execute their intentions with limited challenges. The Mongols ensured that they gutted down all the towns and cities they came across during their European invasion. This move left the Europeans with nothing to rely on thus rendering them incapacitated. During war, most armies depend on their cities for supply of barely everything ranging from food to military support. Besides, some cities act as forts through which soldiers accost their enemies (Khan, 1996, pp. 41–45). Annihilation of such cities leaves the soldiers with nothing to use as their barrier. Moreover, it makes the soldiers weak due to lack of food supply. The Mongols used their long-time experience coupled with gunpowder to incapacitate their enemies in Europe. As gunpowder is explosive, they applied it in burning all the cities that offered support to the European soldiers. In some of the cities, it was hard for the Mongols to create their way without the help of gunpowder. In some of the European cities, residents had established huge walls that acted as their protective armor during wars. It was hard for the Mongols to get over these walls without coming up with a way of bringing them down (Pacey, 1997, p.137). Therefore, gunpowder played a significant role in helping the Mongols demolish these walls, eventually making their way into the cities. Besides, gunpowder helped the Mongols to strengthen their caval ry. Before the discovery of gunpowder, dynasties depended on heavy cavalry during wars. The introduction of gunpowder led to the infantry and cavalry becoming some of the major fighting forces for the Mongols and other fighting blocks (Ling, 1947, pp.160-178). The Mongols managed to establish a light cavalry, which had the benefits of mobility and speed. With this cavalry, the Mongols could now attack their adversaries at swift speed giving them no time to regroup themselves and stage a meaningful opposition. The Mongols used light cavalry to attack Poland. The discovery of gunpowder made all these conquests possible. The cavalry rode on horseback and used crude weapons like spears with explosives tied at their tips. Besides, the invention of gunpowder led to the establishment of novel fighting tactics dubbed caracole, which comprised of orthodox cavalry that used firearms and carbines to fight. Without gunpowder, it would have been hard for the Mongols to overcome the European sold iers at the Battle of Mohi. The European soldiers used plate armor, which was designed in a way that it was hard for sharp objects like spears to penetrate it. Prior to the discovery of gunpowder, most of the soldiers used sharp objects like spears during the war. Hence, the warriors had come up with armors to help in mitigating the impacts of spears during war (Roux, 2003, pp.214-227). However, the invention of gunpowder forced the European soldiers to work on their plate armors. They designed the armors in a way that soldiers could withstand pistol or harquebus balls. It meant that for any troop to surmount the European forces, it had to have superior weapons. The invention of gunpowder helped the Mongols to come up with superior firearms, which could penetrate the plate armor. Without these guns, it would have been hard for the Mongols to advance their conquest cross the Europe. European soldiers had already borrowed the idea of gun production from China and had come up with stro ng plate armor. The Mongolians took advantage of gunpowder to instill fear on their subjects throughout their invasion in Europe. They not only used the weapons made out of gunpowder to kill those opposed to them, but also ensured that they destroyed the entire city as a way of sending a strong message to their next victims (Ragan Ridenour, 2004, pp.436–443). The trend of killing their victims as well as destroying all the cities where they faced opposition worked very well towards subduing many dynasties. Some dynasties were not ready to face their wrath and had to give in to their demands, collaborate with them, and become their subjects as a way of protecting their cities. Having seen some major cities in countries like Poland and Hungary come down and their people killed, it instilled the â€Å"Mongolian† fear in many cities across Europe. These actions not only instilled fear on the Europeans, but also made them to believe that the Mongols were superior to any ki ngdom. Hence, to avoid any damage, there was no need of the cities to engage in battles they could not win. After the Mongols used flaming arrows on Hungarian soldiers entrapped within a camp, the soldiers got terrified and opted to escape through a route that the Mongols had established purposely to trap them. As the soldiers fled the camp, the Mongols got a chance to attack and kill most of them. The Mongols knew that it would be easier to kill the Hungarians as they escaped than accosting them within their safe zones. Hence, they used gunpowder to make sure that the soldiers came out of the camp. The gunpowder explosion terrified the Hungarians forcing them to bolt from the camp falling into the hands of the Mongols. Conclusion The Chinese were the first people to invent gunpowder. Initially, no one knew that gunpowder could be a crucial component in the manufacture of weapons. Hence, people used it in launching fireworks as well as blasting rocks during construction of railway l ines. With time, people started to use gunpowder in the manufacture of crude weapons. One of instances where gunpowder played a significant role in the manufacture of weapons was during the Mongolian invasion of Europe. Use of gunpowder to manufacture weapons greatly contributed to the Mongolian victory during their invasion. It strengthened the fighting capacity of the Mongolian soldiers (May, 2011, p.81). Without gunpowder-propelled weapons, it would have been hard for the Mongols to surmount Polish and Hungarian soldiers who used plated armors. It was hard to pierce through the armor using spears and arrows. Nevertheless, the gunpowder firearms that the Mongols used were strong enough to penetrate the armors. Besides reinforcing the fighting capacity of the Mongolian soldiers, gunpowder helped combat soldiers in their scotched earth tactic. Using gunpowder, the Mongolians managed to annihilate everything belonging to their rivals, thus subduing them easily. The Mongols came up wi th light weapons. Consequently, they stopped depending on the heavy cavalry and turned to light cavalry during their attacks (Khan, 1981, p. 147). Consequently, it was possible for them to attack at a swift speed giving their enemies no time to prepare. Besides enhancing the attacking speed, gunpowder helped the Mongols to instill fear in their enemies, which compelled the majority to flee while others opted to negotiate with the Mongols. One of the factors that made the Mongols overcome the Hungarians is the fear they instilled on the Hungarian soldiers. After the Mongols attacked the Hungarian soldiers using flaming arrows, the soldiers got terrified and thus they could not withstand the attack. In the ensuing melee, the Hungarian soldiers tried to escape only to run straight into the Mongolians trap where majority were killed as they escaped (Ragan Ridenour, 2004, p.448). References Buchanan, B. J. (2006). Gunpowder, explosives and the state: A technological history. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. Chambers, J. (2002). The devil’s horsemen: The Mongol invasion of Europe. New York, NY: Atheneum. Cocroft, W. (2000). Dangerous energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture. Swindon, UK: English Heritage. Devries, K. (1998). Gunpowder weaponry and the rise of the early modern state. War in History, 5(2), 127-145. Duiker, W., Spielvogel, J. (2008). Explosion in Central Asia: The Mongol Empire: The essential world history (3rd Ed.). Belmont, MA: Thomas Wadsworth. Gray, E., Marsh, H., Mclaren, M. (1982). A short history of gunpowder and the role of charcoal in its manufacture. Journal of Materials Science, 17(12), 3385-3400. Khan, I. A. (1981). Early use of cannon and musket in India: A.D. 1442-1526. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 24(2), 146-164. Khan, I. A. (1996). Coming of gunpowder to the Islamic world and North India: Spotlight on the role of the Mongols. Journal of Asian History, 30, 41–45. Ling, W. (1947). On the invention and use of gunpowder and firearms in China. Isis, 37(4), 160-178. May, T. (2011). The Mongol conquests in world history. London, UK: Reaktion Books. Pacey, A. (1997). Technology in world civilization: A thousand-year history. New York, NY: Maple-Vail, Inc. Ragan, M. C., Ridenour, W. M. (2004). Novel weapons: Invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2, 436–443. Rossabi, M. (2012). The Mongols: A very short introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Roux, J. (2003). Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers. Saunders, J. (1971). The history of the Mongol conquests. London, UK: Routledge. This term paper on Effect of Gunpowder on the Mongolian Invasion of the Europe before 1850 was written and submitted by user Aubrey Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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The Changing Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. PM 527 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 11 Mar. 2010. Lecture. 4). In 1879, Robert Koch discovered the anthrax bacterium and developed the Kochs postulates for causation. There are 4 postulates that Koch believed must be satisfied in order to establish causation. The postulates state: the bacteria must be present in every case of the disease, the bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture, the specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the bacteria is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host, and that the bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host. One such example of an infectious disease that satisfies the Kochs postulates is Anthrax. Anthrax was the first infectious disease that was discovered by Koch, and it was this disease that gave birth to his 4 postulates. On the contrary, there are exceptions of certain infectious diseases that do not satisfy all of the Kochs postulates. There are many infectious diseases in which infected carriers do not show the signs or symptoms of having the disease. These individuals are thus asymptomatic. One example of this is from the Bartonella species of bacteria. Certain species that are infected with Bartonella do not show any signs of symptoms, whereas other infected species do. Therefore, in cases where the infected individual does not show any signs or symptoms, all the Kochs postulates are not satisfied. In addition to this, certain infectious diseases cannot be grown in pure culture, but rather can only reproduce in living cells. Thus, in cases such as these, the Kochs postulates are also not satisfied. Other examples of infectious diseases that do not satisfy all of the Kochs postulates are cholera, typhoid fever, and herpes simplex. Jacomo, V., and P. J. Kelly. Natural History of Bartonella Infections (an Exception to Kochs Postulate). Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9.1 (2002): 8-18. American Society of Microbiology. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . 5). According to Dr. Nelson El-Amins lecture, there are a few reasons why diseases such as measles and polio have not been completely eradicated even though there are vaccines to prevent these diseases. One of the reasons presented in the lecture for this is due to the fact that some individuals do not receive the vaccination against these diseases out of fear. There are cases of individuals that do not receive measles vaccinations due to concerns that vaccinations have caused certain ailments such as autism. This is evident from a cohort study conducted on unvaccinated children that have not received proper vaccination due to concerns of safety. However, according to the lecture, there is no scientific fact to support the beliefs that autism is associated with the MMR vaccinations. Another reason why certain groups of individuals do not receive vaccinations is because it goes against their religious beliefs and they believe that they do not need to receive a vaccination in order to be protected against diseases. Some of the characteristics for individuals that have not received proper vaccination are individuals that are young, individuals that do not know their vaccination status, and individuals that have migrated from other countries. According to the lecture, in cases in which individuals have not received vaccination, 76% of those individuals are less than 20 years old. In addition to this, 91% of unvaccinated individuals do not know their vaccination status. And furthermore, 89% of unvaccinated individuals are people that have migrated from other countries. Therefore, the evidence shows that the reasons why certain diseases such as polio and measles have not been completely eradicated are due to the fact that not everybody has received proper vaccination. This is either due from individuals refusing to receive vaccination out of fear or some other belief, certain individuals do not know that they have not received proper vaccination, or certain individuals have migrated from other coun tries and have not received all their vaccinations. El Amin, Alvin N. The Changing Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. PM 527 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 11 Mar. 2010. Lecture. 6). According to Dr. Wohls lecture on HIV/AIDS, the distribution of AIDS diagnoses has changed amongst the different race/ethnic groups since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. For example, in 1985, about 60% of the total AIDS cases were amongst Caucasians, about 27% were amongst Black/African Americans, about 16% were amongst Hispanic/Latinos, about 1% were amongst Asians, and less than 1% were amongst American Indian/Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander. As of 2007, these rates have changed amongst the different race/ethnic groups. For example, for Caucasians the rates have decreased to about 28% of the total AIDS cases. On the contrary, rates for Black/African Americans have increased to about 48% of the total AIDS cases. In addition to this, rates for Hispanic/Latinos have also increased to about 21% of the total AIDS cases. For Asians, the rates have remained constant at around 1% of the total cases, and the rates amongst American Indian/Alaska Native and Na tive Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander have also remained constant at around less than 1% of the total AIDS cases. According to the lecture, SHAS examined time intervals between when a person first learned that they had HIV and when they were diagnosed with AIDS. As indicated by the findings, detection rates varied significantly between different racial/ethnic groups. The results showed that Caucasians were more likely than Black/African American or Hispanic/Latinos to have their HIV infection to be detected early (more than 5 years) before their onset of AIDS. Thus, many more Caucasians were more likely to fall into the â€Å"early detection† group in comparison to other racial groups. In contrast to this, Hispanic/Latinos were much more likely than any other racial group to have their HIV infection detected very late (within a year) in their progress to AIDS diagnosis. Thus, Hispanic/Latinos were more likely to fall into the â€Å"very late detection† group in comparison to other racial groups. Black/African Americans were also very likely to have their HIV infections detected ver y late prior to coming down with an AIDS diagnosis, however, the rates of Black/African Americans in the â€Å"very late detection† group was lower than that of Hispanic/Latinos. The rates between racial/ethnic groups for individuals that had their HIV infection detected between 13 and 60 months prior to AIDS diagnosis (â€Å"late detection) was relatively equal between all of the racial/ethnic groups. In addition to these finding, according to the lecture, it was shown that in Los Angeles, individuals that were more likely to be late testers were found to be women, Black/African Americans, foreign born Latinos, U.S. born Latinos, those exposed to HIV via heterosexual contact, young individuals, and less educated individuals. There are many implications associated with late detection of HIV. Individuals infected with HIV that are diagnosed later in life, are not able to receive proper antiretroviral therapy. And thus, those individuals are more likely to suffer from adverse effects in comparison to individuals that are diagnosed earlier in life who are able to receive the proper medication to help slow down their onset of AIDS. In addition to this, individuals that are detected of having HIV later in life are more likely to affect other individuals, thus spreading HIV to other unknowing individuals and further exacerbating the issue. Therefore, as shown from the lecture, there are many negative implications of late detection, and it has also been shown that the distribution of AIDS has changed significantly amongst racial/ethnic groups since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. Wohl, Amy R. HIV and AIDS: Worldwide, the U.S. and Los Angeles County. PM 527 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 18 Feb. 2010. Lecture. Works Cited Angier. A World in Motion: The Global Movement of People, Products, Pathogens, and Power. The National Academies Press. 2001. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. Church, Diedre, Owen Reid, and Brent Winston. Burn Wound Infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2nd ser. 19 (2006): 403-34. PubMed Central. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . El Amin, Alvin N. The Changing Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 11 Mar. 2010. Lecture. Jacomo, V., and P. J. Kelly. Natural History of Bartonella Infections (an Exception to Koch?s Postulate). Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9.1 (2002): 8-18. American Society of Microbiology. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases. CDC, 1 Apr. 2008. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Foodborne Disease Control: A Transnational Challenge. By D. W. Betthcer. 4th ed. Vol. 3. Atlanta: CDC, 2010. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . United States. World Health Organization. Food Safety and Foodborne Illness. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . Wohl, Amy R. HIV and AIDS: Worldwide, the U.S. and Los Angeles County. PM 527 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 18 Feb. 2010. Lecture.

Cultures Influence on Technology Essay -- Environment Environmental P

Culture's Influence on Technology Culture and technology are in a constantly expanding positive feedback loop. The greatest changes in human culture are almost always the result of a technological innovation. However, a technology capable of a cultural shift can only have come from the culture itself. Without the culture's choice to refine the technology, the practical applications would have been left as only fleeting ideas; technology will only be developed if the culture has some immediate and apparent use for it. Although a culture will develop a technology based on its inherent valence towards a particular application, that culture cannot possibly fathom the ultimate repercussions of its collective decision. The inherent multiplier effect in the feedback loop along with unforeseen applications of the technology will guide the "trajectories of cultural evolution" (Ehrlich 255) in completely unexpected ways. Even though cultures can and do have an effect on their course through history, it is only slight when comp ared to the monstrous effect that their technologies have on them. The nature and importance of this type of self-propagating relationship are described in Paul Ehrlich's book "Human Nature: Genes, Culture, and the Human Prospect." Ehrlich describes his own opinion on human development and feedback loops in the following passage: "It is important to know what shapes the course of history, how that influences the evolution of our natures, and how that in turn feeds back on evolutionary history itself." (Ehrlich 254) The statement briefly describes the general form of the positive feedback loop for human development throughout history. The influences he refers to could be anything from the environment to culture... ...e the resources and could not carry a kiln. They did, however, have an immediate and apparent use for the chariot, which could increase their speed and power by an innumerable factor. Although culture is able to guide the technological innovations that are borne from it, humanity does not seem to have much of a say in its course through history. Each step through time is a result of an infinite amount of steps before it all pushing history towards an unknown end. Even the individual who invents an integral technology is only a very small ripple in a tide of inexorable humanity. Works Cited: Chant, Colin. "Chapter 2:Greece" in "Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology." Routledge Press, 1999. pp. 48-80. Ehrlich,Paul R. "Ch. 11: Gods, Dive-Bombers, and Bureaucracy" in "Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect." Island Press, 2000. pp. 253-279.

Comparative policing systems Essay

Introduction Policing is not a recent issue in terms which duty of state as protecting both public and state still remains as a concept to focus on, yet, it is current enough to remember and to consider again. In this comparative study, policing systems of United Kingdom, Turkey and France will be controversially discussed in terms of policing related to its legitimacy, its structure, and its function. In the first section, the concepts of legitimacy, structure, and function will be defined. Afterwards, British policing system will be examined in terms of these three conceptions. Following British system, Turkish policing system which has been remarkably adapted to new policing concepts despite the fact that there are more to deal with will be following subject. Then, lastly, French system which has effectively been a model for some countries will be analyzed so as to understand ‘The Continental Model’. After analyzing three countries, the similarities and differences between British and ‘The Continental System’ will be focused on, more particularly within a proposition that British Policing leads the way. Policing: Legitimacy, Structure, and Function Modern police was often seen as an instrument of progress, consistent with the idea of free enterprise, academic freedom, constitutional protection against arbitrary government (Liang, 2002, p: 4). Although there has been a common acceptance of policing recently, as Liang stated, there are different police systems all over the world. In order to be able to analyze and compare police systems, there are three terms by the help of which policing in different societies can be examined; legitimacy, structure, and function. In his early study, Bayley asserts that three characteristics of the police contemporarily exist in today’s world and these as dichotomous are public/private, specialized/no specialized, professional/nonprofessional. Being public/private oriented refers to the nature of the police agency and can easily be confused with community authorization, specialization for a police agency, in opposite terms of that unspecialized police force is authorized to use force but do many other things as well, concentres on the application of force, and professionalism refers to explicit preparation to perform the unique police function (Bayley, 1990, p: 11-13). Using this triple explanation, Bayley originally emphasizes on legitimacy, structure and function of policing. Similarly, Mawby attempts to compare different police systems according to legitimacy, structure, and function. Moreover, he defines these terms. â€Å"Legitimacy implies that the police are granted some degree of monopoly within society by those with the power to so authorize, be they an elite within the society, an occupying power, or the community as a whole.†(1990, p: 3). Structure means specialization/non specialization, and function implies that the role of the police is concentrated on the maintenance of law and order prevention and detection of offences. Nevertheless, this is not only about these fixed concepts, but also the balance between law and order, or prevention and detection and being service-related, administrative, or concerned with political control (Mawby, 1990). United Kingdom; Policing System Police systems in England and Wales prior to the 19th century are portrayed private, non-professional, and unspecialized by authors such as Critchley (1978) and Radzinowicz (1956a). After creation of ‘new police’, ‘The Metropolitan Police Force’ (1829), London’s first centralized, uniformed, wholly professional, centrally-controlled police force (Reynolds, 1998) and similar forces were established in other urban and rural areas between 1835 and 1888, so the nineteenth century was a breakpoint. After a dynamic duration in 20th century, now there are currently 43 police forces in England and Wales employing over 233,000 personnel, over 140,000 police officers, nearly 78,000 police staff and over 15,600 Police Community Support Officers. Additionally, there are currently in excess of 14,500 volunteer police officers known as Special Constables in England and Wales (Home Office, 2009). The 51 police forces those were over 100 prior to the Police Act of 1964 in England, Wales, and Scotland each headed by a Chief Constable who is accountable to a Police Authority (Tupman and Tupman, 1999). In Scotland, there are 8 constabularies corresponding to the 8 former regional governments of Scotland. Initially, in terms of function, the police’s role is crime control and maintenance public order, more specifically crime prevention through uniformed patrol while, at the same time, fulfilling a welfare and service order public (Mawby, 2008). Secondly, in terms of structure, there is a balance between local and central control and organization. The modern police system in England and Wales is traced back to the early nineteenth century, this idea is reinforced by Bayley in such a way that he states that â€Å"The modern English police constable is medieval Tythingman1, still acting under royal authority but now serving at public expense in a chosen career† (1990, p: 29). The 1962 Royal Commission on the Police identified the protection of local police forces’ autonomy through the institution of the three partite structure of accountability: individual chief constables, police authorities and central government claims Mawby in his study dedicated to compare policing systems all over the world (2008). From a more general perspective, in UK structure is decentralized compared to continental system, and there are local police forces with the help of these information, but Northern Ireland has a different system based on colonial system (Mawby, 1992). It is possible, in terms of structure, to say that police is decentralized, unarmed, and civilian force (Mawby, 1990). Afterwards, in terms of legitimacy there is a tendency to do what public want. It is possible to see on the green paper that the police are in attempts to improve the connection between public and the police: This Green Paper sets out proposals for a new policing pledge which will be developed in partnership between the police and local people (Green Paper, July 2008). In his recent study, Mawby states that there at least four attempts to allay public concern by providing public access to local police management: Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships (CDRPs), the formation of police consultative committees, the establishment of lay visitors schemes, and the introduction of Independent Advisory Groups to monitor police racism following the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (Mawby, 2008, p: 21). Turkey; Policing System The history of the police in Turkey derives from Ottoman Empire in 19th century like public administration through adapting to French prefecture model (Mercedes and Newburn, 2008, p: 34). Moreover, Turkish civilian administration system is influenced by the French civilian administration system and its domestic security approach (Celador, Gemma Collantes et al 2008). Security function is provided by both public and private sector, and there are three public law enforcement institutions: the police, the jandarma (gendarmerie) and the coast guard command. The jandarma and the coast guard command are responsible to the Minister of Interior as well as the police; yet, the jandarma and the coast guard command are military institutions. In terms of promotions, appointments, personnel administration, disciplinary and judiciary procedures, the jandarma corps is located within the military structure headed by the Office of the Chief of General Staff, who, in turn, responds to the Office of the Prime Minister, instead of to the Ministry of National Defence. Additionally, the national police force and the jandarma are different in terms of their respective jurisdictions and responsibilities vis-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-vis the civilian government authorities (Celador, Gemma Collantes et al 2008, p: 8). Jurisdiction of the police geographically differs from the jandarma’s jurisdiction; the police provide security in urban areas rather whereas the jandarma are responsible for rural areas. In terms of structure, the police force is centralized, thus, compared to western central administration models, this structure is excessively central (Cerrah, 2005).In terms of function, there is obviously a higher number of the jandarma compared to the police, although urban areas contain more population than rural areas. There are some 193,000 police whereas the jandarma are between 280,000 and 300,000 (Mercedes and Newburn, 2008). According to Mercedes and Newburn’s study which is one of the last studies about Turkey and policing system, number of the jandarma is highly more than the police’s. There are several reasons but, eventually, as a result of disproportional allocation, the priority is not welfare but the continuity of order in terms of administrative and political tasks in addition to crime prevention. Last of all, in terms of legitimacy, police legitimacy derives from law rather than public. After legislation through the EU twinning projects, for example with amendments and modifications on Law on Powers and Tasks of Police (1936), the government has aimed at changing consideration of police as a ‘service’ rather than ‘power’. Nevertheless, in practice, this is not easily possible. â€Å"Despite all the time that has passed since then, the Turkish police organisation has been unable to establish systemic institutional civilian participation and a satisfactory control mechanism. On both national and regional level, security policies and practices are only run and supervised by appointed civilian administration authorities and police administrators.† claims Cerrah (2005) and as he adds the police still have to do more to be more accountable. Unless the police are more accountable and open to be controlled by civilian mechanism, legitimacy of the police will be discussed as well as its function. However, community policing is a new issue in Turkey with a pilot practicing in ten big cities including Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Bursa (Directorate General of Security, 2009). There is a tendency to be more people-oriented. France; Policing System French police system is arguably the first modern system in Europe whereas The London Metropolitan Police is known to be the first modern police (Mawby 1990, p: 34, Bowden, 1978, p: 140). Bowden also adds that 615 is the year first peace and police existed in France, but, ironically, French is the nation who has frequently experienced the discontinuity in a nation’s political life despite the fact that they developed the most sophisticated police in Europe (1978). The police function in France is rooted to Roman law tradition, and since the French Revolution (1789), historically, there are significant processes but it is not going to be discussed because of lack of space. Today, police system in French can be analyzed through being distinguished as the police nationale and gendarmerie nationale. The gendarmerie are accountable to three different authorities: to Minister of Justice for criminal investigations, to the Ministry of Interior for public order, or administrative matters, and to the Ministry of Defence for all other aspects of their work whereas the police nationale are responsible to the Minister of Justice for criminal investigations, and to the Ministry of Interior for public order, or administrative matters (Hodgson, 2005). According to Hodgson’s account, which compares French criminal justice system to British systems and includes an extensive investigation, the police nationale is composed of some 120,000 officers – now according to Interpol 126,000 – whereas the Gendarmerie comprises some 85,000 officers – now according to Interpol 90,000 (2009) – (2005). Moreover, there are some 3000 small municipal police forces. In terms of structure French police system is centralized as it is seen from this portray, the police forces are armed and – not exactly- militaristic. France is typically an example of continental European system and in terms of function police system in France is putting emphasises on administrative and political tasks rather than welfare (Mawby, 2008, p: 22). As a consequence of being centrally organized, France has more centralized policing system with two main forces the police nationale and the gendarmerie compared to British policing system and less centralized compared to Turkish police system. Compared with UK, the availability of other community initiatives involving polis-public cooperation such as neighbourhood watch or volunteer police auxiliaries are relatively unknown (Mawby, 1990). As a continental European country, in terms of legitimacy the police and the gendarmerie are closely tied to government rather than public or law. United Kingdom (Excluding Northern Ireland) Turkey France Legitimacy Local government Central government Central government Function Welfare Crime prevention, emphasis on administrative tasks Crime prevention, emphasis on administrative tasks Structure Decentralized Centralized (More excessively) Centralized It is possible to infer from whole information that United Kingdom, excluding Northern Ireland, has community-oriented policing system where as France and Turkey have continental and highly centralized and government oriented policing systems. Mawby who has a range of comparative police studies since early 1990s sees continental police systems in the past as being distinguished in terms of their lack of accountability, being directly responsible to the head of state, and he adds in another study that â€Å"While this less easily reconciled with the liberal democracies of post-war Europe, it is still the case that public accountability is more restricted in countries where the police are more centralized and militaristic† (2008, p: 23). Also in Turkey, â€Å"more recently, with the increased quality of the police training and education, the rising numbers of commissioners and officers receiving masters and doctorates (some on topics including human rights law, technologically more advanced crime-fighting methods, etc.) and the positive impact of EU twinning projects, a younger reformist wing seems to have emerged within the police. This wing is also psychologically supported by civil societal demands for the establishment of more professional, accountable and transparent police structures.† (Celador, Gemma Collantes et al, 2008, p: 9) From a historical perspective; between 1804 and 1810 in France, during Napoleon’s dictatorship Fouchà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ was his strong right arm and was commanding French police. Fouchà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, Duc d’Otranto, had an army consisting of spies and agent provocateurs spreading insidious terror and repression throughout France (Manwaring-White, 1993). As Manwaring-White states, there was a very real fear in Britain that any sort police force like in France would result the same fearful invasion of privacy and liberty. On the other, while Robert peel was introducing his Metropolis Police Improvement Bill, he had figures to show a population increase of 19 per cent in London and Middlesex, but an increase in crime of 55 per cent between the periods of seven years from 1811 to 1818 and from 1821-1828 (Emsley, 1991). The bill passed through the parliament and The Metropolitan Police of London was established contrast to French militaristic system. However, contentiously, despite the horror of the Fouchà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ regime in France, the British government did employ spies and agents to try and uncover hints of treasonable activity or political unrest and despite anathema to French style spies, a detective department was reorganised in Scotland in 1842 (Manwaring-White, 1993). There several attempts contrast to thought because of which the Met was established. Furthermore, during the 70s the developments in police riot brought the English police closer in their riot tactics and equipments, yet, unlike continental neighbours, employers were not specialized riot squads (Emsley, 1991). Finally, the men, responsible for creation the English police during the 19th century, wanted to restrict the political and military nature of the new police, but Emsley states that despite these reasons of creation of English police, the economic, political and social nature of Victorian England was instrumental in helping some people to achieve their aim (1991). By contrast with whom see centralized system as incorporating problems of non-accountability and partisanship, Mawby critically examines this idea. Firstly, one should not assume that locally, community-oriented systems are necessarily panaceas; they may incorporate problems of non-accountability, elite control and partisanship. Secondly, however, although political policing has been more a future of policing systems in countries where the police are militaristic, there is no clear relationship between the presence of one, central police system and these features. Nor is a central system necessarily incompatible with local accountability. Last of all, as illustrated in his study, the presence of absence of a single, centralized police is no more evidence of a ‘police state’ than is the presence or absence of the jury system (Mawby, 1992, p: 125-126). Today, in terms of function, structure, and legitimacy, community-oriented systems are seen more advantageous, but privacy and liberty of individuals are threatened by the surveillance, bugging and file-keeping methods of modern police (Manwaring-White, 1993). Bibliography Books Bayley, David H. (1990) Patterns of Policing: A Comparative International Analysis, Rutgers University Press. Bowden, T. (1978), Beyond the Limits of Law, Harmondsworth: Penguin Cerrah, Ibrahim, â€Å"Police†, in Cizre, Umit (ed.), Almanac Turkey 2005: Security Sector and Democratic Oversight, Istanbul: TESEV Publications, 2006, pp. 86-99. Critchley, T.A. (1978), ‘The History of Police in England and Wales’ in Mawby, Rob I. (1990), Comparative Police Issues: The British and American system in international perspective, London: Unwin Hyman. Celador, Gemma Collantes et al (2008), Fostering an EU Strategy for Security Sector Reform in the Mediterranean: Learning from Turkish and Palestinian Police Reform Experiences, EuroMeSCo Paper 66 (January 2008) Emsley, Clive (1991), the English Police, a Political and Social History, Second Edition, Addison Wesley: Longman Hin, Mercedes S and Newburn, Tim (2008) Policing Developing Democracies, Taylor & Francis Hodgson, Jacqueline (2005), French Criminal Justice: A Comparative Account of the Investigation and Prosecution of Crime in France, Hart, University of Michigan Lambert, John L. (1986) Police Powers and Accountability, Taylor & Francis Manwaring-White, Sarah (1983) the Policing Revolution, Police Technology, Democracy and Liberty in Britain, the Harvester Press Mawby, Rob I. (1990), Comparative Police Issues: The British and American system in international perspective, London: Unwin Hyman. Mawby, RI (1992) Comparative police systems: searching for a continental model, pp: 108-132 in K. Bottomley, T. Fowles and R. Reiner (eds.) (1992) Criminal Justice: Theory and Practice, British Criminology Conference 1991, London: British Society of Criminology. Mawby Rob I. (2008), Models of Policing, in Newburn, Tim (ed.) (2008) Handbook of Policing, 2nd Edition, Cullompton: Willan, pp: 17-46. Radzinowicz, L. (1956a), A history of English Criminal Law and its administration from 1750, Volume 1: The Movement for Reform in Mawby, Rob I. (1990), Comparative Police Issues: The British and American system in international perspective, London: Unwin Hyman. Reynolds, Elaine A. (1998), Before the Bobbies, Stanford University Press. Liang, Hsi-Huey (2002), The Rise of Modern Police and the European State System from Metternich to the Second World War, Cambridge University Press, pp: 11-13. Tupman, Bill and Tupman, Alison (1999), Policing in Europe, Intellect Books. Websites Home office (2009) About Us, available: http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/ last accessed 18 March 2009. Directorate General of Security (2009) Community Policing, available: http://www.asayis.pol.tr/tdpyapilanmasunumu_dosyalar/frame.htm. Last accessed 18 March 2009. Interpol (2009) France: Police system, available: http://www.interpol.int/Public/Region/Europe/pjsystems/France.asp. Last accessed 18 March 2009 Additional Source Green Paper (2008), From the Neighbourhood to the National: Policing Our Communities Together, Green Paper, Home Office, July 2008 1 Tythingman was of Saxon times and he was elected by his peers in the local community and exercised wide responsibilities for all aspects of local government on heir behalf†¦ He was not , however, a royal officer, as his authority derived from the community he served rather than from the sovereign (Lambert, 1986, p: 21)

Planning an Outing Essay Essays

Planning an Outing Essay Essays Planning an Outing Essay Essay Planning an Outing Essay Essay The process to follow if an accident or unwellness is to happen You may necessitate to measure the state of affairs. neer haste as this could ensue in bad manual handling. Check the country around you is safe. and if non take all jeopardies. Merely administer exigency foremost assistance if you are trained to make so. Get aid so they can phone exigency services or if entirely name yourself but do certain you know the facts before you call. Make certain you report everything every bit shortly as possible. Make certain you clean and sanitise the country if any muss was left behind. Principles of Safe Moving and Handling Always read a service users care program and follow wellness and safety act. Never lift service user manually. measure the service user to see if any alterations have been made that may alter their demands. Plan the undertaking before you even get down to travel service user and do certain you allow them cognize at all times what you are making and acquire at that place consent. Make sure you have the right equipment for the undertaking and that it meets the demands of the service user. Check for any jeopardies and guarantee managing country is clear of any obstructors. Give clear instructions to colleague’s/service user as to who’s taking the lead in the traveling procedure as helps any confusion to care workers/assistants and service user. If service user needs an aided stand/lift make certain right position. pess apart in way of the motion. elbows near to the organic structure. utilize your organic structure weight to travel service user set from the articulatio genu ss and non the dorsum. An account of why it’s of import to follow the attention program and communicate with each person when helping and traveling If you are a assistant in a intervention puting it’s ever of import to follow attention program that has been made by a societal worker since they have a disciplined manner of measuring a patient’s needs. Communicating with each service user potentially truly eases service user’s anxiousness. particularly if you can construct resonance. Communicating with colleague’s truly helps you understand you function with service user. Staff responsibilities for medicine in societal attention puting Safe disposal of medical specialties agencies that medical specialties are given in a manner that avoids doing injury to a individual. merely give medical specialties to the individual they were prescribed for. people should have the right medical specialty at the right clip and in the right manner. The attention suppliers duty to supply writ ten processs that set out precisely how to give out medical specialties and it’s the attention workers duty to follow these processs. It is besides all staffs duty to follow the seven rights of medicine disposal are as follows ; The right patientThe right drugsThe right dosageThe right pathThe right clipThe right individualThe right certification A brief description of agreed processs for obtaining. hive awaying. administrating. entering the medicine for the outing Obtaining. where the attention supplier is responsible for obtaining supplies of medical specialty on behalf of the service user. the attention worker should look into that there is adequate to last for the following few days/the outing and to order the medical specialties as agreed in the service bringing program. All fresh habitue and refused medicine should be returned to the pharmaceutics at the terminal of the day/month. However. all needed medicine which is fresh should be retained and used as directed on the attention plan/labels. Storing medical specialties. attention worker/assistant must hold right packaging for medical specialties depending on how long journey can be for illustration. if a short trip there are brown bags available from local chemists/pharmacy to hive away them in for short journeys. If journey may be longer there are besides blister batt alions gettable. They hold a 28 days’ worth of medical specialties. Particular colors for different times of the day/night as different service users may necessitate thought the day/outing i. e. Pink is for forenoon. yellow is for tiffin. orange for flushing. blue for dark clip medicine. Care workers/assistants need to maintain them in a cool environment and have a list of all medicines merely in instance a service doesn’t non take them and place which service user refused. Administer. to choose step and give medicine to a service user as specified in the attention program. Care workers/personal helper will merely administrate in specially agreed fortunes where appraisal of the service user under the mental capacity act has determined that the service user does non hold the capacity to do determinations sing medicine for themselves and can non self-medicate. instruct others manage their medicine. Recording. A signifier used to enter the inside informations of motivating and helping the medicine and related undertakings. and any other information sing the medicine or related undertakings. Normally designed to demo what was given. the dose given. the clip given and the individuality of the individual who gave it which should ever be signed and dated. An account of the attention workers attach toing the persons on the excursion should hold particular preparation before each of the followers. Transporting out exigency foremost assistance. helping and managing. managing medicine In the societal attention puting attention workers/assistants need specialist preparation before transporting out foremost assistance because if a service user needs any kind of exigency assistance they need to be able to measure the state of affairs and be able to hold right processs in topographic point in order to salvage someone’s life. It could besides be really harmful if non. Helping with traveling and managing in order to understand how to help service user besides how to utilize right equipment with assurance to assist ease service user. Managing medicine. societal attention worker/assistant to hold understanding about the service users medical conditions besides can supervise or describe any of import alterations. The attention worker/assist ant needs all comprehension of most medical specialties and how they can impact service users.

Failed Products Essays

Failed Products Essays Failed Products Essay Failed Products Essay In today’s ultra-competitive business environment, it is not only important to have a good product, but also to avoid making stupid mistakes. The history of business is full of examples of very promising products and services that have resulted into catastrophic failures. What are then the main factors to take into account in order to avoid turning a good product into a big failure? Factor 1: Too many upgrades may ruin your product If you improve a product enough times, you will eventually ruin it. Do not forget that products are created and sold to fulfil an existing need. Upgrading a product usually involves adding more features, but at what cost? Many times the initial purpose of the product is lost in the upgrading process, which results into losing market share: what is the use of a product that does not fulfil a need any more? Factor 2: Simplicity sells The most successful products are not the ones with the most features, but the ones that do what end-users want them to do. In the era of the information technology, consumers are well aware of the different choices they have and are much more educated. If you do not give customers exactly what they want, they will find someone else who does. : Consumers do not want to pay a premium for additional features that they will never use, especially during an economic downturn. Factor 3: Do not push a product to meet deadlines if it is not ready In many situations, managers would push a product so it is on the market just in time for the holiday season. The risks associated with pushing a product to meet a deadline even if the product is not ready or not 100% tested are immense. Quality matters: you would be sacrificing long-term benefits for small short-term gains and you would also put your firms reputation at stake. Remember that brand image is shared among your whole product portfolio, so all your products will suffer the consequences of one single product turning into a complete failure. Factor 4: Marketing is not only useful in the last stages of product development Everyone in a company can have an opinion on whether a product will be successful or not, but the marketing department should have the last word in that matter. A common mistake CEOs make is to think that the marketing division should only be involved in the last stages of product development (PR, advertising, etc). But customer insight and specific training in identifying consumer trends re the core capabilities of the marketing division. In other words, CEOs should let the marketing division decide what sells and what does not, since they have been trained specifically for that. Factor 5: Feedback and improvements are about quality, not about quantity. In the design and development stage of a product, having too many people work ing on improving the product may be counter-productive. Coordination and communication are extremely important; the more people working on the product, the more difficult it will be to have everyone working in the same direction and pursuing the same goals. Factor 6: Cut the bullshit in PR and Marketing Press releases and advertising campaigns have only one purpose: deliver a message. Press releases and ads should be clear and to the point. If it is possible to create some positive emotions around your product, so much the better, but the top priority is that everybody understands what are you selling, what is the need your product is fulfilling, and why is your product the best alternative available

The importance of understanding how people form perceptions and make Case Study

The importance of understanding how people form perceptions and make attributions about others with his employees - Case Study Example The social learning theory of Bandura (1997) would be most appropriate for Joe to apply in this situation. This theory would help Joe to alter the behaviors and the attitudes of his sales team. By continuous efforts, his sales team would gain more motivation; Joe would come in a better position to understand the psychological traits and behavioral attributes of his employees in a certain environment of competition and stress. It would be an ideal opportunity for Joe to implement this theory in his organization as this would help him to attain his goals in a defined time period without causing stress on his employees. As a result, his employees are expected to become more productive and thus, would generate more sales to the company. Joe can effectively improve the performance of his employees by implementing this theory. Firstly, Joe would positively influence the mindset of his employees which would directly influence on their abilities. Secondly, this theory would also help Joe to design better environment for work and learning. This would help Joe to gain feedback of his employees and remain in constant support for them. This will allow the employees to develop increased self-efficacy and to maximize the productivity. Self-efficacy enables organizations and the leaders to get the maximum out of their employees. High level of self-efficacy enables employee to be more productive when they are motivated by their employers. Joe should realize the fact that self-efficacy either high or low, is the outcome of workers’ perception of their employer’s behavior (positive or negative), their commitment towards fulfillment of company’s goals and the environment (Hellriegel, 2011). Joe needs to understand the fact that the more he will be involved with his employees, the more productive they would become. Motivation and positive behavior of an employer play a significant role in determining the success of an

Debating Immigration into Western Countries Essay

Debating Immigration into Western Countries - Essay Example Processing of unauthorized documents, getting inside US boundaries through under-the table payments, and working and staying for long even by just holding a visiting visa are just of the most common methods that illegal immigrants do. This paper did an in-depth literature search concerning the legal and illegal immigration in the US during the years 2000-2006. This then tackles the relationship of economy, societal and environmental stability, and populace versus the legal and illegal immigrants. It is hypothesized that legal migrants contribute positively to the development of the US economy and even to its culture. Meanwhile, the illegal immigrants are hypothesized to be a great part of the US labor force. They also serve as a large part of the consumer or buying populace. In the same manner, illegal immigrants - despite their illegal status - are also one of the great 'users' and/or 'beneficiaries' of the natural and financial resources of the country. That is why it is of not doubt that illegal immigrants in the US affect, both positively and negatively, the US as a whole. United States of America is one of the very few countries in the world where different values and tradition of the many people in the world submerged. Also, US are becoming a favorite migration country of many people around the world and the main reason is the opportunity that awaits in this country. Many would say that living in the US is a dream most especially if it is in third world country's point of view where most terrorism and poverty are the main problems. That is also why the country is commonly compared to as a salad bowl and a melting pot. Multiculutarlism and cultural Assimilation Multiculturalism or commonly known as a "salad bowl", is much of a new metaphor given to the US and not the "melting pot" or also being termed as cultural assimilation. The melting pot means that if one becomes American citizen, he/she should abide what the proper values and tradition that the American should do or he/she will suffer the consequences. While the "salad bowl" is where American now celebrating the diversity of its traditions where it respects the roots of each individual in order to built a harmonious country. (From Melting Pot to Salad Bowl, 2005). Multiculturalism is when a person who became citizen of another country who obeys and works successfully with his new host country but never disregarded his old beliefs and tradition from his mother country of origin. The following are some of the good examples that will describe up to what extent America is compared to as a salad bowl. One very good example are the Chinese, when one sees them talking to their own natives they still talk most of the time in Chinese but if one will see them in school or business meetings they will speak in English.